Women remain at high risk of TB

 Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease that spreads through droplet infection (airborne). The condition is considered a serious global issue as it accounts for the highest mortality rate alongside HIV/AIDS. Recent WHO data reported 1.3 million deaths due to TB and approximately 10.4 million new cases of the disease worldwide. 

While TB is more prevalent in males, it can have serious impact on the health of women who contract the disease, especially in the reproductive age group. An estimated 3.5 million women globally suffer from TB, with deaths occurring in around half a million. TB is the third leading cause of death worldwide among women aged 15-44.

Tuberculosis is generally considered a disease of poverty and affects vulnerable health groups. The higher risk to females in such situations is related to non/limited availability of healthcare services due to concerns of social stigma and discrimination. Additionally, cultural and financial barriers lead to women seeking delayed health care and thus presenting with greater severity of TB. Moreover, illiteracy or limited awareness of the condition and patient non-compliance contribute to reduced effectiveness of available treatment protocols.

The need of the hour is identification and education of women in high risk groups. Women in the reproductive age group should especially be educated of the possibility of vertical transmission and effects of TB to the unborn child. Studies have reported premature birth, low birth weight etc. (two-fold risk) in cases of maternal TB infection. Maternal TB is associated with a six-fold increase in perinatal deaths. TB in combination with HIV is a leading infectious cause of death during pregnancy and childbirth.

Aside pulmonary involvement, which is the most common infectious presentation of TB, extrapulmonary involvement is now increasing in incidence, globally. Female genital tuberculosis is one such serious presentation that accounts for upto 16% cases of infertility. Timely diagnosis and prompt intervention can prevent occurrence of infertility and its’ consequences.

In a world where ‘progress of women’ is an undertaking to ensure freedom for women from violence, poverty and inequality, it is equally important to direct attention to the issue of women’s health. While the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) focuses on strategies for preventing heart disease, breast, colorectal cancer etc. worldwide, it is also necessary to implement awareness and schemes to address the burning issues of infectious diseases like TB.

By: Dr Pradeep Mahajan
The writer is a Regenerative Medicine Researcher